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This manual is based on results of
two and half years research in 216 tanneries of Punjab (Lahore-Sheikhupura-Muridke,
Multan, Gujranwala and Sialkot) covered under 'Introduction
of Cleaner Technologies in Tannery Cluster of Punjab. During
this period various Cleaner Technologies have been identified
and tried in selected tanneries. Those technologies were found
economical, environment friendly |
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and workable
are being successfully implemented in different tanneries. |
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The training manual comprises of three
parts. In the first part, a brief review of objectives and components
of Introduction of Cleaner Technologies in Tannery Cluster of Punjab have
been given. This part also includes the information of various achievements
of the project. In the second part a detailed discussion has been made
on those tannery process where different Cleaner Technologies have been
identified and successfully implemented. Economic and environmental benefits
that would be achieved by the adoption of various Cleaner Technologies
have been presented in this part of manual. Last part of the manual highlights
the Environmental History of Pakistan, Current advancements in the Environmental
Policy like Self Assessment and Monitoring Exercise, calculation and collection
of pollution charges. |
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In the manual, Tanner will find that
not all Cleaner Technologies will be relevant to his tannery. Reason behind
this is that the manual is made for all the tanneries either they process
leather from Raw to Finish, Raw to Wet blue or Wet blue to Finish. In
all cases ICTP team is very much sure that you will find some ideas new,
interesting and also workable and affordable. |
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PROCESS CONTROL LABORATORY MANUAL |
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Different Cleaner Production practices
have been successfully implemented in various tanneries to reduce waste
generation at source and improve product quality as well. However implementation
of most of these cleaner technologies is based on small in-house process
control laboratory, which could perform some basic tests. Experiences
from field further strengthen this idea that establishment of such laboratories
are not beneficial for upbringing quality improvement in the process but
also helps in controlling the environmental parameters. In this regard
twenty in-house process control laboratories have been installed in different
tanneries of all the clusters and these are also provided with small manuals,
which provide guidelines to perform various tests. |
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Considering the importance and warm
acceptation of process control laboratory by the tanners it
was decided to publish a comprehensive training manual for laboratory
technicians. It covers all the testes regarding leather process
control, standard testing procedures, limitations, normal values
for comparison and recording methods. The manual will be distribute
to |
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all the tanneries which
was Environmentally Audited in the 1st phase of the project. |
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OBJECTIVES |
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Primary objective of the laboratory
manual is to provide standards methods of different tannery process control
tests. It also includes calculation and recording procedures. Besides
process control tests various important environmental parameter testing
methods have also been documented. These tests are especially required
for Self- Monitoring Assessment and Pollution charge calculation as required
by the Environmental Protection Department. |
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SCOPE |
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The manual will be distributed to all
the tanneries of Punjab which have already been Environmentally Audited.
It will be helpful for laboratory technicians and tanners to perform various
tests regarding leather quality like fixation of chrome in leather at
wet blue and dry crust stage, penetration of fat-liquors in leather and
detection of more toxic stage of chrome i.e chrome six. It is also helpful
for determining the residue contents of chrome and other chemicals in
the respective spent liquors. Various tests about the physical qualities
of leather like shrinkage temperature have also been discussed in detail.
Purity of chemicals plays vital role to achieve the desired quality of
product. In this manual standard method of testing the purity of different
chemicals like chrome, fat-liquors, lime, and different bicarbonates has
given in detail. It also encompasses the testing procedures of different
environmental parameters like BOD, COD, Sulfides, & TSS as required
or Self-Monitoring Assessment and Pollution charge calculation by the
Environmental protection department. |
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MANUAL STRUCTURE |
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Process control laboratory manual is
comprised of eight sections. Each section discusses different tests of
same nature. |
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| Section-1: |
This section of the manual covers the
background, objectives, scope and structure of the manual in
detail. |
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| Section-2: |
Section two of the manual deals with
the general precautions for sample collection, preservation
and transportation from industry to laboratory. It also describes
the different types of samples, which could be collected, from
any industry. |
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| Section-3: |
Section three of the manual deals with
the water quality tests. It discusses various types of water
hardness, reasons for water hardness, its detection processes,
and its ultimate impacts on the environment and quality of product
as well. |
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| Section-4: |
Standard methods for determining the
purity of chemicals have been outlined in the section four of
this manual. Further this section also describes the importance
and necessity of these tests. |
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| Section-5: |
Various physical tests during the intermediate
processing stages e.g. wet blue state of leather have been detailed
in the section five of this process control laboratory manual. |
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| Section-6: |
Section six of the manual deals with
those tests which are important for controlling the wet finishing
processes. |
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| Section-7: |
In this Section various tests regarding
environmental parameters and their impacts on the aquatic life
have been discussed. |
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| Section-8: |
Preparation of various regents used
in the tests have been out lined in this particular section
of the manual. |
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